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The LBNL study is the first to identify frequency response limitations and verify that frequency response metrics are useful for planning and operating the bulk-power system reliably in the context of integrating new resources. The approach builds on existing industry practices for controlling frequency after the unexpected loss of a large amount of generation. The study also introduces a set of metrics and tools for measuring the adequacy of frequency response within an interconnection. Primary frequency response is the main metric used in this study to assess the adequacy of primary frequency control reserves, which are necessary to ensure reliable power system operation. Primary frequency response measures what is needed to arrest frequency decline (i.e., to form a frequency nadir) at a frequency higher than the highest set point for under-frequency load shedding within an interconnection. The frequency response metrics introduced by the report can be used to maintain the reliable operation of an interconnection under changing circumstances and to guide and gauge the extent and success of reliable integration of any new resource into an interconnection. The metrics can also be used to plan a path forward when existing resource mixes undergo major changes, such as when conventional plants are retired or de-rated or when new forms of generation are added such as variable renewable generation. The study tested and validated frequency response metrics through simulation studies of the generation and transmission infrastructures that power system operators expect to have in place in 2012. Wind is expected to be a major new source of renewable generation for each of the U.S. interconnections in the near term. Wind generation creates challenges for reliable operation of the electric power system in part because the electricity generated from wind is more variable than electricity generated from conventional sources. The purpose of the study was to specifically determine and validate metrics that can be used to assess and plan for reliable integration of any amount of variable renewable resources. Host: Russell Bent, Energy and Infrastructure Analysis D-4/Decision Applications |